Enzyme Catalase Essays - Chemistry, Catalysis, Household Chemicals

Enzyme Catalase Essays - Chemistry, Catalysis, Household Chemicals Enzyme Catalase INTRODUCTION The enzyme catalase speeds up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen as shown here, 2H2O2-*2H2O+O2. It is one of the fastest known enzymes and its turnover number is 6 million, which means the number of substrate molecules which one molecule of the enzyme turns to products per minute. This can be demonstrated by putting a piece of liver into a beaker of Hydrogen Peroxide, the fizzing shows a demonstration of the enzyme in action. AIM My aim is to examine how the concentration of the substrate hydrogen peroxide affects the enzyme catalase. INVESTIGATION I am going to investigate the effect of varying the substrate concentration on enzyme catalase. I am going to use 8 different concentrations and record the time taken to collect 20ml of gas in the gas syringe. I will repeat all the 8 concentrations twice so I can see if they match, spot out any anonymous results and also I can work out the average time it takes to produce 20ml of gas at the certain concentrations. I will vary the concentrations by increasing and decreasing the amounts of Hydrogen Peroxide and water. PLAN First of all I will ensure I have enough enzyme solution for the whole experiments so the enzyme solution is standardised. With the results I get I will try to work out the Vmax. I will do this experiment at room temperature so the enzymes get enough kinetic energy to collide. I will need 80ml of the enzyme solution because I will use 5ml for all of the experiment and I will do 8 different concentrations and I will repeat this concentrations twice so that is 5x8x2= 80. First of all I will set out the equipment as I will show in the diagram then I will cut some pieces of liver, which is the source of the enzyme. Then I will grind the pieces of liver with the mortar and pestle, which will have sand and Di ionised water (which is water with no H ions in it its PH is neutral). The sand will help cut open the cells of the liver. I will take a funnel with glass wool in it, I chose glass wool rather than filter paper because the catalase could have been adsorbed by the filter paper. Then I will add 5ml of the enzyme catalase to the conical flask and for the substrate concentration of 10% I will add 2ml of Hydrogen Peroxide and 18ml of water (18+2= 20, I will always use 20ml) every time I when I will increase the concentration by 10% I will increase the H2O2 by 2ml and decrease the H2O by 2ml. I will time how long it takes to produce 20ml of gas in the gas syringe. I chose the gas syringe rather than to count the bubbles produced in a measuring cylinder because it is easier to use, the results will be more accurate and the gas syringe reduces the possibility of gas escape. I will tabulate my results and highlight them in some way so they are visible I will interpret my results in to a line graph. I will also added a line of best fit to the results on the graph and with the results I get I will work out the Vmax. Here is a blank copy of my results table, which I fill in later when I get my results. FAIR TEST To make my experiment a fair test I need to ensure that all the variables must be kept the same for all the experiments except for the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide. I will accurately measure out the Hydrogen Peroxide and enzyme solution using a pipette and measuring cylinder. I will use glass wool rather than filter paper because if I use filter paper then the catalase could be adsorbed by the filter paper, which will no longer make my experiment a fair test. I will time how long it takes to produce 20ml of gas by using a stopwatch accurately. For each concentration I will make sure that there is no excess catalase or substrate in the measuring cylinders I use by cleaning them. I will hold the rubber bung connecting the conical flask and the

The Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Nursing Shortage - Essay Example Unless some wise decisions are taken which result in increasing the nurse population, the ageing general public will have a hard time in the future when they need the services of a nurse. My friend Thomas, when he had an ankle injury recently while playing basketball, had to wait in the hospital emergency room for a long time till he was attended to. The reason for his long wait: there were too few nurses, and they were all too busy. This is the story in all hospitals in the country. There is a dire shortage of nurses throughout the world. and it is affecting the health services everywhere. Fewer young women are opting to take up nursing as their profession. Considered one of the noblest professions, nursing has traditionally been the territory of women. Ever since the well born Florence Nightingale took up nursing in the late nineteenth century, it has attracted intelligent, educated and dedicated women . Although there are male nurses who are indispensable, their numbers are very small. The nurse is the indispensable helpmeet of the doctor and the patient. Her work is manifold- She helps the physician in his office, she cleans and bandages minor injuries, and gives emotional support to the patient. She can even help a pregnant woman in her labor. She teaches the patient's family how to take care of the patient. Nurses write detailed report of the patient's symptoms which helps the physician to diagnose the illness and treat the patient. Some nurses work in the operating theater. The operating surgeon relies on the nurse to assist him while he is doing the surgery. The nurse in the Intensive Care unit has a different set of duties than the nurse in the Trauma Center. A trained nurse is indispensable for the care of the seriously ill patient. Many patients become emotionally dependent on their nurse. According to a report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Home health nurses go to peoples' homes to help them. Flight nurses fly in helicopters to get to sick people in emergencies. "(BLA report p1) Any shortage in the number of trained Registered Nurses will be a catastrophe which should be avoided at all costs. The twenty first century is witnessing such a shortage of nurses worldwide. The reasons for the diminishing number of nurses are many. Steps must be taken immediately to arrest the shortage of nurses by all concerned so that the nurses and the public will not suffer.. The job of the nurse, besides being stressful, is emotionally exhausting. As Hingley says in The Nursing Mirror, "Every day the nurse confronts stark suffering, grief and death as few other people do. Many nursing tasks are mundane and unrewarding. Many are, by normal standards, distasteful and disgusting. Others are often degrading, some are simply frightening"(Hingly ) The daily confrontation with death and disease takes a heavy toll on the nurse's physical and emotional health. Being constantly exposed to various kinds of infection, the nurse is always in danger of catching one. She has to be extra vigilant in avoiding infection. The tasks a nurse has to do in the course of the day are sometimes disgusting. She has to put up a stoic front and do the task satisfactorily. Many times, the patients

Crime and Punishment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crime and Punishment - Assignment Example As a result, countries like America reflect increasing number of prisoners as recorded over the years. However psychologists are still continuing their researches on the causes of crimes and trying to decipher why individuals are entering the criminal justice system (Benson 2003). The basic roles of a prison system include: social isolation and confinement, repentance, punishment and deterrence, protection and reformation. A prison system leads to an isolation of the prisoner from the society such that the man’s violations of the legal system do not affect the lives of the common people. It is expected that he would repent on his wrong deeds if kept isolated. Also, with some pain and suffering, it would create some fears among the criminals. It is also the role of the prison system to protect the society from criminals which can be achieved through captivating the criminals. Reformation is the role that is focused on changing the attitude and mental condition of the individual s such that they do not repeat crimes (Bura 2012). Rehabilitation proves to be an essential role of the prison system since it is the prime motive of the justice system to rehabilitate the individuals who have committed crime. If rehabilitation is not focused, then bad people would only turn into worse. Instead, rehabilitation functions to restore the lives of the criminals by changing their mental condition, health conditions and their attitudes trying to prevent them from committing crimes again. Only then these individuals would be able to live normal lives once they are back into the society (Tanner 2012). Effectiveness of Prisons for Rehabilitation: The Present Day Situation: With the rates of punishment being increased and less focus being given on the resettlement needs of the criminals, the rehabilitation of the offenders in the prison system has become less likely to achieve in the present times. It is observed that most of the prisoners who are released are re-offending an d are taken back to prisons. This reflects the fact that the present day prison system is not proving to be effective in rehabilitating the prisoners and instead turning the mental state into worse through punishment measures (Cavadino 2006). Conclusion: Thus from the above study, it can be realized that although it is the role of the prison to make the criminals realize of their wrongdoings and rehabilitate them such that they can lead normal lives without affecting the society, yet in the present times the prison systems have proved not to be effective enough for rehabilitation of individuals, with their focus being more eon punishing the criminals and not correcting them as is needed. Task 2: Prison Does Not Work: Introduction: Prison punishments have been expected to prevent crimes and correct the mental attitudes of the criminals. Yet in the present times it is observed that prison overcrowding has become one of the major causes of concerns, particularly in countries like the A merica. Similar situation is observed in other countries as well presenting a doubt on whether the modern day prison system works or not (Big Question: Does the modern prison system work? 2013). Prison: The Dominant Form of Punishment: The use of prisons for punishing criminals had been into existence since over 200 years ago. Before

Ying Yang Symbol Essay Example for Free

Ying Yang Symbol Essay The Yin Yang symbol also commonly referred to as the Tai-Chi symbol is easily thought of in today’s popular culture as a reference to the Sun (yang) the moon (yin) and the universe. Allen Tsai’s article provides some insight into the origins of the symbol itself, the meaning behind the curvature of the symbol, and how the Chinese symbol has found a place in popular culture. Allen Tsai goes into explicit detail on how the Chinese developed a surprising understanding of the stars and how they used the constellations and the sun to determine the seasons, the length of a calendar year and the time of the earths rotation around the sun. Tsai explains how the symbol is at its basic meaning a â€Å"Chinese representation of the entire celestial phenomenon. † In Alexia Amvrazi’s essay discussing the Evil Eye symbol, she presents all aspects of the symbol including what it is used for, who uses it, and why it is used. She explains that the Evil Eye is â€Å"a glance believed to have the ability to harm those on whom it falls† and can take place at any given time from any given person. (Amvrazi). The primary purpose of both, Where Does the Yin Yang Symbol Come From? and The Eyes Have It: Evil Eye in Greece, is to inform the reader of both the meaning an the use behind these well known symbols. This is clearly shown by the detailed descriptions of the symbols and the enlightening information; such as Amvrazi’s attempt to explain to readers the many different cultures â€Å"Jewish, Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu and Christians† and how they incorporate the Evil Eye’s meaning into their teachings (Amvrazi). The informative purpose remains prevalent in Tsai’s essay as he explains that â€Å"the Yin Yang symbol is a Chinese representation of the entire celestial phenomenon† and that it â€Å"contains the cycle of sun, four seasons, 24-Segment Chi, the foundation of I-Ching, and the Chinese calendar† (Tsai). The common pattern of both authors is that they each began with the origin of each symbol. Tsai demonstrated this by starting his essay by explaining the the Yin Yang symbol is â€Å"sometimes called the Tai Chi symbol† and that â€Å"Tai Chi is from I-Ching,† also known as â€Å"the greatest foundation of Chinese philosophy† (Tsai). Amvrazi exhibits this pattern by starting her essay off with a scenario of where one might have experienced a result of the receipt of the Evil Eye and then goes on to explain what the evil eye is, what the causes are and who is susceptible to it The secondary purpose of Tsai’s essay is to describe. He describes many different aspects of the symbol. He explains that the â€Å"is a symbol combining the sun (top) and moon (bottom)† (Tsai). He also goes a bit deeper into his explanation by describing the unchanging rules and different ways to observe the sky in order to determine the â€Å"four directions† (Tsai). He also provides multiple visuals to go along with each description. He continues by discussing the seasonal changes and the cycle of the Sun. It’s almost as if he provides his readers with a step by step instructional handout of how to determine the many changes our universe encounters throughout the course of a year, or many years for that matter. Alexia Amvrazi’s essay is very similar in that her secondary purpose is coincidentally also to describe. In this case, she describes what the actual Evil Eye symbol looks like. Her description states that one could recognize an Evil Eye as â€Å"glass blue eye charms to ward against the evil eye† (Amvrazi). She states further that these charms â€Å"are still regularly sold† and worn by many people. They can be spotted on a more regular basis in countries such as Greece and Turkey where many of the residents are very religious and/or superstitious. The next pattern shown throughout Tsai’s essay is a bit of a spatial one in the since that throughout the whole essay, Tsai discusses the ever changing universe and its relation to the sun and moon in the sky. He even talks about the many positions of the Dipper and the way the sun is affected by its changes. The next pattern in Amvrazi’s essays differs from Tsai’s in that she takes more of a compare and contrast route when she discusses the similarities and differences in the ways the Greek Church and folklore view the wearing of the Evil Eye charm. The â€Å"Greek church and folklore are both united†¦in their belief that the curse of the evil eye (or kako mati) exists, but divided in how it can be warded off or tackled† (Amvrazi). The final purpose of both Tsai and Amvrazi’s essays are to help make such technical concepts as these more understandable to the general public. They each accomplish this task by introducing, in Tsai’s case the Ying-Yang symbol and in Amyrazi’s the Evil Eye symbol and providing an in depth and comprehensive understanding of both. What’s great about each essay is that both authors strive to make them as understandable as possible by breaking down each topic as much as possible while still keeping the audience interested. The final pattern of organization in Tsai’s essay is a bit of a process oriented one. He discusses the process of â€Å"recording the Dippers positions and watching the shadow of the Sun† (Tsai). This process was used by ancient chinese [when they] determined the four directions† (Tsai). The final pattern of organization in Amvrazi’s essay is used to introduce and define new terminology used in the churches in relation to the Evil Eye. For instance, she references a term, â€Å"kako mati† which is another term for Evil Eye. She continues to introduce a few other new words, such as â€Å"Vaskania,† all of which are used to help expand readers knowledge of the Evil Eye and the views of the Greek church. Overall the two essays were both written with the primary intention of informing their audiences of the meaning and uses of the Yin and Yang symbol and of the Evil Eye. Tsai main focus was on the universe and all its changes. He talks a lot about the position of the moon, sun, and stars in the sky. The main focus of Amvrazi’s essay was to shed light on a symbol recognized by many different cultures and its significance.

A Tale Of Two Cites :: essays research papers

A Tale Of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities Throughout the novel A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens creates suspense and mystery to try to keep his readers interested. This technique might have worked for 19th century people with nothing better to read, but it doesn’t stack up nowadays. You can paint this anyway you want but what it all comes down to is that no 20th century person with any kind of attention span wants to read a 400 page book with one dimensional characters and an unbelievable storyline. But, Dickens’s original audience couldn’t get enough of the novel’s intricate plot filled with suspense and mystery. To get the novel this suspense and mystery, Dickens’s divides his story into episodes, allows his characters to be general, and uses the theme of doubles. The most obviously way that Dickens’s creates suspense is through his use of cliffhanger-like episodes. I can’t exactly call it clever, but Dickens’s ends a chapter with unanswered questions and loose ends. This little scheme might work for television shows in which the viewer has a whole week between episodes to think about possible outcomes, but it doesn’t have the same effect when it only takes half of a second to turn the page and read further. Dickens tries to create mystery by having his characters as broad as possible so that readers can make up their own opinions and possibilities. Almost all of Dickens’s characters are basically good or basically evil. We are supposed to care about the "good" characters but they’re so boring that their "goodness" loses it’s charm. For example, Lucie and Charles. Lucie is describes as being basically perfect in every way. She’s young, wholesome, and beautiful, of course. There’s no such thing as a good woman that wasn’t beautiful in fiction. Charles is a rich aristocrat, and we’re supposed to believe that he’s good and really noble because he didn’t want to kill people and he married the other "good" character. Please. Do you think that Charles would have given Lucie a chance is she looked like the rest of us even though she was so good-hearted? Of course not, but that’s what we are supposed to believe. Lucie and Charles are so stereotyped and boring that Dickens’s should have named them "Snore" and "Snooze." Dickens’s under developed characters lets readers wonder about what they are really like and what they’ll do next.

Corrections Accreditation and Privatization Essay

â€Å"Corrections accreditation is intended to improve facility operations through adherence to clear standards relevant to all areas/operations of the facility, including safety, security, order, inmate care, programs, justice, and administration† (â€Å"American Correctional Association†, n.d.). Going through these types of processes can be very beneficial to a corrections officer’s development. Going through these procedures, the experience will assist them in keeping and maintaining a professional outlook in any situation. Correctional facilities are equipped with officers who are trained to not only keep everybody safe in the environment, but to maintain security and order at all times. These officers need to be professional just as anybody else would in any position within a job. Their development lies in improving their thought process and their skill at the job when necessary and changes occur almost every day. Industry leaders can make good changes when hiring corrections officers. A good way simply being when hiring staff, there is no tolerance for illegal activities. Making improvements in their training programs, if need be. In addition to those, upgrading the facility with better measures as far as security. All of the things covered when being audited can make a difference to planning for better future outcomes. Prisons for some time have been dealing with not only major financial situations in local, state, and federal governments, but overcrowding as well is a huge concern. â€Å"Privatization as it refers to prisons is to both the takeover of existing public facilities by private operators, and to the building and operation of new and additional prisons by for-profit prison companies† (Cheung, 2004). Due to the rising in state and federal population it is a concern to consider the all-around costs of incarceration, operation and management. It seems as though state and federal prisons have more of a professional practice, whereas a private institution might suffer because of demands, rising costs, conditions (depending on location), etc

The Attitudes Of Minority And Immigration - 929 Words

For my investigative assignment on the conceptions of minority and immigration, I have interviewed three people whom I interviewed separately for better and credible results. They are all Asian Americans and two of them are American born and one of them is a foreign born but has a permanent resident status. When I asked them what they think when they hear the word â€Å"minority,† all three of my interviewees answered as groups of people who are not white. Though one interviewee, whom I will address as â€Å"A† answered that males are not the minority as well. The other interviewee, who I will call â€Å"B,† stated that when hearing the word â€Å"minority,† she sees images of suppression, poverty, and anger. She connected suppression and anger with the Ferguson shooting, which led to the death of a young black boy named Michael Brown. This incident further proved the severity of the racial discrimination in our country and left black communities upset. Fo r the question about how they feel when they hear the word â€Å"immigration,† all three answered differently. One interviewee, who I will call â€Å"C,† just provided a simple definition of immigration: person or family that moved from one country to another. A and B, though, were more descriptive with their answers. A said that when she hears the word immigration, she thinks about Americans, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender because most of the American citizens are immigrants or are descendants of immigrants. B rather answered with moreShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Americans Perspective Toward Immigration Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Americans’ Perspective toward Immigration Introduction It is no astonishingly to observe that the American population has increased enormously in the last fifteen years. Nevertheless, the massive population growth has occurred due to the arrival of immigrants at a large scale. 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Exploring how social hierarchy and ethnicity shape immigration tolerance through economic inequality concerns, perceptions of threat and protection of Maori